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1 Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Digestive Diseases, and GI Developmental Biology, Department of Surgery, Medicine and Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Medical/Dental Building, NW 213, 3900 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20007, USA2 Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20422, USA
(Correspondence should be addressed to E Glasgow; Email: eg239{at}georgetown.edu)
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) represents a large family of growth and differentiation factors that mobilize complex signaling networks to regulate cellular differentiation, proliferation, motility, adhesion, and apoptosis. TGF-β signaling is tightly regulated by multiple complex mechanisms, and its deregulation plays a key role in the progression of many forms of cancer. Upon ligand binding, TGF-β signals are transduced by Smad proteins, which in turn are tightly dependent on modulation by adaptor proteins such as embryonic liver fodrin, Smad anchor for receptor activation, filamin, and crkl. A further layer of regulation is imposed by ubiquitin-mediated targeting and proteasomal degradation of specific components of the TGF-β signaling pathway. This review focuses on the ubiquitinators that regulate TGF-β signaling and the association of these ubiquitin ligases with various forms of cancer. Delineating the role of ubiquitinators in the TGF-β signaling pathway could yield powerful novel therapeutic targets for designing new cancer treatments.
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