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¹ Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
² IPEN-CNEN-Biotechnology Department, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, CEP 05508–900 Brazil
³ La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, San Diego, California 92121, USA
⁴ Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA

(Requests for offprints should be addressed to A M Walker; Email: ameae.walker{at}ucr.edu)

S179D prolactin (PRL) is an experimentally useful mimic of naturally phosphorylated human prolactin. S179D PRL, but not unmodified PRL, was found to be anti-angiogenic in both the chorioallantoic membrane and corneal assays. Further investigation using human endothelial in vitro models showed reduced cell number, reduced tubule formation in Matrigel, and reduced migration and invasion, as a function of treatment with S179D PRL. Analysis of growth factors in human endothelial cells in response to S179D PRL showed: a decreased expression or release of endogenous PRL, heme-oxygenase-1, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), angiogenin, epidermal growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor; and an increased expression of inhibitors of matrix metalloproteases. S179D PRL also blocked signaling from bFGF in these cells. We conclude that this molecular mimic of a pituitary hormone is a potent anti-angiogenic protein, partly as a result of its ability to reduce utilization of several well-established endothelial autocrine growth loops, partly by its ability to block signaling from bFGF and partly because of its ability to decrease endothelial migration. These findings suggest that circulating levels of phosphorylated PRL may influence the progression of cancer and, furthermore, that S179D PRL may be a useful anti-angiogenic therapeutic.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				N. Ben-Jonathan, C. R. LaPensee, and E. W. LaPensee What Can We Learn from Rodents about Prolactin in Humans? Endocr. Rev., February 1, 2008; 29(1): 1 - 41. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. K. Ueda, H.-L. Lo, P. Bartolini, and A. M. Walker S179D Prolactin Primarily Uses the Extrinsic Pathway and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling to Induce Apoptosis in Human Endothelial Cells Endocrinology, October 1, 2006; 147(10): 4627 - 4637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]