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¹ Division of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
² VA Health Services Research and Development Center for Quality Improvement Research, Louis Stokes Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 10701 East Boulevard, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA

(Requests for offprints should be addressed to D C Aron, Email: david.aron{at}med.va.gov)

Adrenal incidentalomas (AI), adrenal tumors detected through an imaging procedure done for reasons unrelated to adrenal dysfunction, is becoming a common clinical problem with the more frequent utilization of different imaging techniques. Most such tumors are benign and hormonally inactive. A variety of diagnostic strategies have been developed to distinguish the latter; however, they are still controversial. Even after a commissioned systematic review of the literature and a state of the science conference sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, the optimal strategy for hormonal screening of a patient with AI is unknown, but we anticipate further refinements and major advances in the field. Surgery is the ultimate solution for the diagnostic-therapeutic dilemma of AI. Careful planning is required, and the learning curve which influences clinical decision making is especially relevant to immediate outcomes. The benefit of making a diagnosis of a clinically significant AI must be considered in the context of the patient’s overall condition and preferences.